Abstract

The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of crop evolution under domestication and narrowing genetic bases of crop species. The adaptation of plants to cultivation was vital to the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies, and it stimulated the rise of cities and modern civilization. The amount or quantum of genetic diversity available in a breeding population is referred to as genetic base of that population. In other words, genetic base represents spectrum of genetic variability in a plant breeding population. Genetic improvement by conventional breeding has made substantial changes when the efforts have been long-term. Characters improved include productivity, quality, and resistance to diseases, insects, and stress. There were, however, limits to the progress of conventional breeding, due to limitations of the sexual system, it was not possible to incorporate genes from nonrelated species or to incorporate small changes without disturbing the particular combination of genes that make a particular type unique.

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